However, because phenotypic plasticity does not necessarily have to be adaptive, its interplay with adaptive traits confounds the ability to find genetic determinants of adaptation. Local adaptation has been considered an important factor in maintaining genetic variation within species, but environmental heterogeneity also favors the evolution of adaptive phenotypic plasticity. However, most phenotypic traits related to adaptation are typically quantitative polygenic traits, which complicates the identification of genetic polymorphisms linked to adaptation. Local adaptation would be expected to change allelic frequencies of genes affecting fitness in particular environments.
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The genetic underpinnings of local adaptation, though, are poorly understood.
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Knowledge about the extent of local adaptation and its underlying mechanisms in natural populations provides the basis for predicting responses to environmental fluctuations, including those associated with global climate change. Populations are said to be locally adapted when individuals from resident populations have higher fitness than individuals of the same species introduced from other habitats. Local adaptation is one of the most important evolutionary mechanisms allowing species to thrive across heterogeneous environments. Selection in beech favors genotypes with earlier bud burst under warmer and wetter habitats within its range however, selection pressures may differ across spatial scales.
#Apsim phenology sensitivity analysis drivers
ConclusionsĮnvironmental conditions play important roles as drivers of genetic diversity of phenology-related genes that could influence local adaptation in European beech. However, different genotype-environment associations were identified within Southeastern Europe as compared to the entire geographic range of European beech. Additive polygenic scores, which provide a measure of the cumulative signal across significant candidate SNPs, were correlated with a climate variable (first principal component, PC1) related to temperature and precipitation availability, and spring phenology. We revealed 201 candidate SNPs at the broadest scale, 53.2% of which were associated with phenotypic variables. Redundancy analysis (RDA) was used to detect candidate markers across two spatial scales (entire study area and within subregions). We used two complementary analytical methods to find loci significantly associated with geographic variables, climatic variables (expressed as principal components), or phenotypic variables (spring and autumn phenology, height, survival). SNP diversity was monitored for 380 candidate genes using a sequence capture approach, providing 2909 unlinked SNP loci. We explored single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) at candidate genes related to bud burst in beech individuals sampled across 47 populations from Europe.
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European beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) is widespread, and is one of the most important broadleaved tree species in Europe however, its potential for adaptation to climate change is a matter of uncertainty, and little is known about the molecular basis of climate change-relevant traits like bud burst. Diversity among phenology-related genes is predicted to be a contributing factor in local adaptations seen in widely distributed plant species that grow in climatically variable geographic areas, such as forest trees.